Theory: Kvothe is related to the Lackless

Proposal
Kvothe is related to the Lackless.

Reasoning
During his stay with the Maer Alveron there is information about Netalia Lackless running away with a troupe of traveling Ruh. Secondly, Kvothe comments that he finds Meluan "maddeningly familiar".

The final part is Arliden's song about Kvothe's mother, Laurian. This isn't as direct as the previous, but the last line in the song could be a play on words: Not tally a lot less; Could be read as Netalia Lackless.

Therefore the argument is that it is very likely that Laurian is Netalia Lackless since Netalia Lackless ran away with a Ruh troupe, Kvothe finding the sister of Laurian, Meluan to look very familiar, and Arliden's song seeming to hint at Laurian's real identity.

This theory is well described at the Kingkiller Wiki for Laurian's entry.